What is the impact of incorrect PCBA array design...

Confusing PCB layout is seriously affects soldering reliability....

The advancement in on-chip field programmable techniques combined with ever increasing packing densities has led to the introduction of field programmable gate arrays or FPGAs....

In this section we consider the design of a four-bit adder; i.e. a circuit that adds together two four-bit binary numbers....

The advantages of fast turnaround time and relatively low cost offered by gate arrays is counterbalanced by several problems....

The programming of field programmable logic devices is implemented directly via a computer. The software needed for PALs and PLAs is usually a simple matter of producing a programming file called a fu...

This is the traditional method of designing integrated circuits. With a standard cell and gate array the lowest level that the design is performed at is the logic gate level, i.e. NAND, NOR, D-Type, e...

​So far we have seen two extremes in the design options available to a digital designer-namely standard products and mask programmable ASICs....