The automatic soldering machine is an automated device. Its working principle is to use the robot's movement function to complete the soldering operation. Automatic soldering is divided into semi-aut...

Improved the qualification rate of product means that the repair rate of product will be declined. Testing is a part of the entire process of PCBA, which is an important means of controlling product q...

As we have seen in earlier chapters we can implement many complex combinational functions by connecting together the basic gates NAND and NOR- However, the result is not an efficient use of transistor...

We have seen how to implement the logic gates NAND and NOR using NMOS technology. In CMOS the process is just the same except that the complementary PMOS transistors are added....

The delay for a CMOS inverter depends upon the rate of charge or discharge of all capacitors at the output. This load capacitance is due to two components called the inherent capacitance and the exter...

You should notice that when the input is steady at either a high or a low voltage (static condition) then one transistor is always off between Vdd and Vss. Hence the current flowing is extremely small...

A CMOS inverter is shown in Fig. 9.11. It consists of one NMOS and one PMOS transistor. The PMOS device is indicated by the negation sign (i.e. a bubble) on its gate and has a negative threshold volta...

The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (or MOSFET) has proved over the past 15 years to be a very attractive alternative to the BJT. In recent years the MOSFET has become the preferred ...