This is the traditional method of designing integrated circuits. With a standard cell and gate array the lowest level that the design is performed at is the logic gate level, i.e. NAND, NOR, D-Type, e...

​So far we have seen two extremes in the design options available to a digital designer-namely standard products and mask programmable ASICs....

Introduction to asunchronous sequential circuit design...

To divide the counters we will look at into two types: asynchronous and synchro- nous. When used with respect to counters' these adjectives describe whether the Alip-flops holding the states of the ci...

​The ‘memory’ of previous outputs in an asynchronous sequential circuit is provided by direct feedback from the internal output(s), Y, to the internal input(s), y, of the combinational logic block. Th...

For an asynchronous circuit to be of use it must have more than one external input (otherwise all the circuit has to respond to is a signal alternately changing its value from 0 to 1 to and so on). If...

Two-level circuits are direct implementations of sum of products and product of sums forms, either in fundamental form(straight from the truth table) or after minimisation. We now consider the advanta...

The idea of positive and negative assertion level logic arises directly out of duality. It is again based upon the fact that because Boolean algebra describes a two-state system then specifying the in...